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Skip to content Home » Finanza » Il sistema pensionistico e il sistema di calcolo della pensione I sistemi pensionistici sono organismi che hanno lo scopo di erogare delle prestazioni previdenziali ai soggetti che vi partecipano. Rappresentano una voce di spesa pubblica importante da parte dello Stato, all’interno della spesa sociale, coperta in buona parte dall’imposizione fiscale sul cittadino contribuente.Sono caratterizzati dalla partecipazione di un numero elevato di partecipanti in quanto trattando dei rischi dai costi elevati, devono essere ripartiti in una collettività.
l sistema previdenziale italiano, in seguito alle molteplici riforme succedutesi nel corso degli anni, si fonda ad oggi su tre fondamentali pilastri : previdenza pubblica, previdenza complementare collettiva e previdenza complementare individuale .
La previdenza pubblica, l’INPS L’Istituto nazionale della previdenza sociale (INPS ) è il principale ente previdenziale del sistema pensionistico pubblico italiano, presso cui debbono essere obbligatoriamente iscritti tutti i lavoratori dipendenti pubblici o privati e la maggior parte dei lavoratori autonomi, che non abbiano una propria cassa previdenziale autonoma. L’INPS è sottoposto alla vigilanza del Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali.
L’INPS, paga le pensioni e le altre prestazioni previdenziali con il sistema a ripartizione. Il sistema prevede che i contributi ricevuti in un determinato anno siano utilizzati interamente per erogare i trattamenti pensionistici dello stesso anno . In pratica i contributi versati dai soggetti obbligati (lavoratori ed aziende) al sistema previdenziale vengono utilizzati per erogare le prestazioni pensionistiche ricevute dagli aventi diritto nel medesimo anno.
L’INPS è finanziato con le imposte che derivano, per circa il 70% dai contributi per le assicurazioni obbligatorie mediante l’applicazione di aliquote di scopo chiamate aliquota contributiva pensionistica di finanziamento (l’aliquota è pari al 33%, di cui il 9% a carico del lavoratore e il 24% a carico dell’impresa) e, per il restante 30%, mediante trasferimenti da parte dello Stato direttamente dalla fiscalità generale.
Le pensioni erogate dall’INPS vengono quindi pagate con le imposte. La spesa pensionistica, rappresenta il 16% del PIL ed il 40% della spesa corrente primaria valutata nel bilancio dello Stato nel conto economico consolidato delle amministrazioni pubbliche.
Il calcolo della pensione Il criterio di calcolo della pensione varia a seconda dell’anzianità contributiva maturata dal lavoratore al 31 dicembre 1995.
La pensione è calcolata con il sistema di calcolo contributivo per i lavoratori privi di anzianità contributiva al 31 dicembre 1995 e per coloro la cui pensione è calcolata col suddetto sistema in base agli istituti vigenti.
La pensione è calcolata con il sistema retributivo e misto (una quota con il sistema retributivo e una quota con il sistema contributivo) per i lavoratori con anzianità contributiva al 31 dicembre 1995.
Dal 1° gennaio 2012, a tutti i lavoratori viene applicato il sistema di calcolo contributivo sulla quota di pensione corrispondente alle anzianità contributive maturate a decorrere dal 1° gennaio 2012.
Il sistema retributivo Il sistema retributivo si applica alle anzianità contributive maturate fino al 31 dicembre 2011 dai lavoratori con almeno 18 anni di contributi al 31 dicembre 1995. Secondo tale sistema, la pensione è rapportata alla media delle retribuzioni (o redditi per i lavoratori autonomi) degli ultimi anni lavorativi.
Si basa su tre elementi: l’anzianità contributiva , data dal totale dei contributi fino a un massimo di 40 anni, che il lavoratore può far valere al momento del pensionamento e che risultano accreditati sul suo conto assicurativo, siano essi obbligatori, volontari, figurativi, riscattati o ricongiunti; la retribuzione/reddito pensionabile , data dalla media delle retribuzioni o redditi percepiti negli ultimi anni di attività lavorativa, opportunamente rivalutate sulla base degli indici ISTAT fissati ogni anno; l’aliquota di rendimento , pari al 2% annuo della retribuzione/reddito percepiti entro determinati limiti stabiliti con legge per poi decrescere per fasce di importo superiore. Ciò vuol dire che, se la retribuzione pensionabile non supera tale limite, con 35 anni di anzianità contributiva la pensione è pari al 70% della retribuzione, con 40 anni è pari all’80%. L’importo della pensione con il sistema retributivo si compone di due quote La quota A è determinata sulla base dell’anzianità contributiva maturata al 31 dicembre 1992 e sulla media delle retribuzioni degli ultimi 5 anni, o meglio, delle 260 settimane di contribuzione immediatamente precedenti la data di pensionamento per i lavoratori dipendenti, e dei 10 anni (520 settimane di contribuzione) immediatamente precedenti la data di pensionamento per i lavoratori autonomi.
La quota B è determinata sulla base dell’anzianità contributiva maturata dal 1° gennaio 1993 alla data di decorrenza della pensione e sulla media delle retribuzioni/redditi degli ultimi dieci anni per i lavoratori dipendenti e degli ultimi 15 anni per gli autonomi.
Il sistema misto Il sistema misto si applica ai lavoratori con meno di 18 anni di contributi al 31 dicembre 1995 e a decorrere dal 1° gennaio 2012 anche ai lavoratori con un’anzianità contributiva pari o superiore a 18 anni al 31 dicembre 1995.
Per i lavoratori con un’anzianità contributiva inferiore a 18 anni al 31 dicembre 1995 la pensione viene calcolata in parte secondo il sistema retributivo, per l’anzianità maturata fino al 31 dicembre 1995, in parte con il sistema contributivo, per l’anzianità maturata dal 1° gennaio 1996.
Per i lavoratori con un’anzianità contributiva pari o superiore a 18 anni al 31 dicembre 1995 la pensione viene calcolata in parte secondo il sistema retributivo, per l’anzianità maturata fino al 31 dicembre 2011 secondo le modalità descritte nel paragrafo relativo al sistema retributivo, e in parte con il sistema contributivo, per l’anzianità contributiva maturata dal 1° gennaio 2012.
Il sistema contributivo Lamberto Dini, ex Presidente del Consiglio e promotore della riforma Dini che introdusse il sistema contributivo in Italia
La pensione è calcolata esclusivamente con il sistema di calcolo contributivo per i lavoratori privi di anzianità contributiva al 1° gennaio 1996 e per i lavoratori che, in base a istituti attualmente vigenti, conseguono la liquidazione della pensione con il calcolo contributivo.
Per esercitare la facoltà di opzione è necessario che i lavoratori abbiano un’anzianità contributiva inferiore a 18 anni al 31 dicembre 1995 e possano far valere, al momento dell’opzione, una anzianità contributiva di almeno 15 anni, di cui cinque successivi al 1995.
Tale facoltà non può essere esercitata da chi ha maturato un’anzianità contributiva pari o superiore a 18 anni al 31 dicembre 1995.
Ai fini del calcolo occorre: individuare la retribuzione annua dei lavoratori dipendenti o i redditi conseguiti dai lavoratori autonomi o parasubordinati; calcolare i contributi di ogni anno sulla base dell’aliquota di computo (33% per i dipendenti. Quella vigente anno per anno per gli autonomi come da circolare 29 gennaio 2016, n. 15 e per gli iscritti alla Gestione Separata che varia anche a seconda della situazione del contribuente come da circolare 29 gennaio 2016, n. 13 ); determinare il montante individuale che si ottiene sommando i contributi di ciascun anno opportunamente rivalutati sulla base del tasso annuo di capitalizzazione derivante dalla variazione media quinquennale del PIL (Prodotto Interno Lordo) determinata dall’ISTAT; applicare al montante contributivo il coefficiente di trasformazione , che varia in funzione dell’età del lavoratore, al momento della pensione. Continue Reading