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Skip to content Home » Economia » Vantaggi e svantaggi negli scambi internazionali: focus sull’Unione Europea Articolo di Rosario Iannuzzo Negli ultimi anni, anche a causa di errori , si è sempre di più sentita l’idea secondo cui il libero commercio e l’apertura alla concorrenza sarebbero fatti negativi , spingendoci a considerare le politiche protezionistiche più vantaggiose, come ci ricorda recentemente la questione e le tensioni USA-Cina. Vediamo più in dettaglio.
Cosa vuol dire sviluppare un libero commercio? Ipotizzando di essere dei produttori di smartphone, con un commercio libero avremmo la possibilità di vendere i nostri prodotti in ogni parte del mondo o con i Paesi con cui abbiamo istituito accordi di libero scambio . Ciò significa che se il mio smartphone cosa 300€, in un Paese estero costerà l’equivalente di 300€ nella moneta locale. Questo però sarebbe possibile senza nessun dazio , cioè una barriera che nei Paesi protezionistici in cui sarà importato ne alzerà il prezzo, costringendo i consumatori a doverlo pagare di più e dunque disincentivarne l’acquisto a favore di prodotti nazionali equivalenti e meno costosi. Normalmente infatti i dazi possono essere a valore fisso o variabile, dipendendo dal valore intrinseco dell’oggetto trasportato, dalla tipologia del mittente (privato o azienda) e soprattutto dal Paese che andrà ad importarlo.
Quali potrebbero essere i vantaggi? In questo caso bisognerebbe distinguere l’ambito soggettivo di riferimento, poiché da produttori di smartphone avremmo dei significativi vantaggi, dato che la vendita all’estero potrebbe consentirci di avere molti potenziali acquirenti che eccedono la sfera nazionale.
Questo ci consentirà di ampliare la nostra quota di mercato e di espandere il nostro fatturato, che si tradurrebbe in termini di maggiori investimenti, maggiore crescita e soprattutto maggiore occupazione, dato che la sempre maggiore domanda di smartphone ci costringerà ad aumentare la produzione e dunque i lavoratori.
Anche dal lato consumatori tuttavia si avrebbe un significativo aumento dei vantaggi, perché un mercato libero significherebbe un mercato con sempre maggior concorrenza, che a sua volta si tradurrebbe in una gamma molto più ampia di smartphone da poter acquistare a dei prezzi sempre più bassi.
Da ciò deriva che tutta l’economia in generale ne beneficerebbe , perché tutti i produttori di smartphone per poter stare al passo con la concorrenza, avranno bisogno di gestire al meglio la propria azienda e di attuare dei processi di innovazione , in modo da far distinguere il loro prodotto dagli altri sul mercato ed evitando che la rapida obsolescenza li spinga velocemente fuori dal mercato .
E gli svantaggi? Normalmente però, come si direbbe, non è tutto oro quel che luccica.
Questo perché ci sarebbe anche chi, da una situazione di competitività estrema rischierebbe di non riuscire a tenere il passo, ritrovandosi fuori dal mercato anzitempo con una perdita di capitale e soprattutto di lavoro, con un aumento della disoccupazione.
Un caso molto simile sarebbe quello che subirebbero le PMI (all’incirca il 90% del tessuto produttivo del Paese), che nell’attuare i processi produttivi, potrebbero risultare schiacciati dalla concorrenza esercitata dalle grandi società multinazionali con processi più efficienti e tecnologie molto più all’avanguardia.
Qui sorge anche il ruolo che dovrebbe avere la politica pubblica , ovvero quello di evitare questi effetti negativi mettendo nelle condizioni questi produttori di poter competere nel mercato globale, e se le cose vanno male, di consentire che quel capitale trovi un altro impiego e che quei lavoratori abbiano un adeguato supporto finché non trovino un’altra occupazione. Tuttavia, questo non è un processo che avviene naturalmente. Sarà dunque fondamentale il ruolo giocato della politica pubblica che, attraverso una guida efficace e tempestiva, possa accompagnare questa fase. Si tratterebbe in ogni caso di un argomento molto più semplice a dirsi che a farsi, che secondo l’opinione di molti è però l’unico modo possibile di affrontare le sfide della globalizzazione guardando avanti senza voltarsi indietro.
Focus sulla UE Finora ci siamo limitati ad essere solo dei produttori di smartphone, ma se considerassimo l’Unione Europea nel suo complesso (che si differenzia dall’Area Euro), dovremmo estendere la nostra visione alla totalità dei prodotti e servizi commerciati all’interno della UE ed al di fuori, considerando anche e soprattutto la rilevanza economica del turismo . Ciò è anche grazie al mercato unico che, riunendo 27 paesi, viene considerato come la seconda potenza economica mondiale, davanti alla Cina e seconda solo agli Stati Uniti . La politica economica dell’UE punta infatti a creare posti di lavoro e a rilanciare la crescita favorendo un uso più intelligente delle risorse finanziarie, eliminando gli ostacoli agli investimenti (come il protezionismo economico) e offrendo visibilità e assistenza tecnica ai progetti di investimento.
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